Rational Evidence That the Noble Qur’an Is Revelation from Allah, the Exalted, and Not Authored by the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ
The Noble Qur’an is the eternal Book of Allah, the Exalted, miraculous in its words and meanings, and it is the primary reference for Muslims in all matters of their lives. This concise study aims to present the rational evidence proving that the Noble Qur’an is a revelation from Allah, the Exalted, and not authored by the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ.
Rational Evidence
1. Challenge to Produce Its Like
The stages of the challenge in the Noble Qur’an are multiple: starting with inviting humans to produce a single surah like it, then ten surahs, and finally the entire Qur’an. Humanity failed at every stage, which proves that its source is not human.
2. Presence of Divine Reproach
The Noble Qur’an contains direct reproach to the Prophet ﷺ, as in the verse: (He [i.e., the Prophet] frowned and turned away)(Surah ‘Abasa: 1). This is impossible for a human author to produce, indicating its divine source.
3. Absence of Personal Bias
The Noble Qur’an shows no favoritism toward the Prophet’s ﷺ relatives, while honoring figures far removed from his lineage, such as Maryam (peace be upon her). This proves that the Qur’an is a divine revelation, focusing on piety and guidance rather than kinship or personal glorification.
4. Linguistic and Rhetorical Miraculousness
The Noble Qur’an combines prose, dialogue, legislation, narration, and wisdom. It is characterized by a refined style and eloquence beyond the capacity of any human.
5. Organization, Consistency, and Absence of Contradiction
The Noble Qur’an is distinguished by precise organization and complete consistency, despite being revealed over twenty-three years under varying circumstances, without any contradiction or disorder. This indicates a single source: Allah, the Exalted, and not the limited intellect of a human.
6. The Prophet ﷺ Was Unlettered
The Prophet ﷺ was unlettered, unable to read or write, and therefore could not have authored the miraculous Qur’an. This proves its divine origin, and that it is a revelation from Allah, the Mighty and Majestic.
7. Scientific References
The precise scientific references in the Noble Qur’an—such as embryology, astronomy, and the seas—are evidence of its divine origin. It is impossible for an unlettered man living in a society without advanced scientific knowledge to produce such information, which surpasses the human knowledge available in the Prophet’s ﷺ time.
8. Knowledge of the Unseen and Future Prophecies
The Noble Qur’an contains future prophecies that came true as Allah foretold, such as the victory of the Romans over the Persians, the destruction of Abu Lahab due to his disbelief, and the Muslims’ peaceful entry into Makkah after Hudaybiyyah. This indicates it is a revelation from Allah, the Exalted, Knower of the unseen and the witnessed.
9. Stories of the Prophets and Previous Nations
The Noble Qur’an narrates the stories of the prophets and previous nations accurately, correcting distortions in the Torah and the Gospel, confirming that the Prophet ﷺ did not know these details prior to revelation.
10. Absence of Any Manuscript in the Prophet’s ﷺ Handwriting
There is no manuscript of the Noble Qur’an written by the Prophet ﷺ himself, confirming that he did not write it by his own hand.
11. Difference in Style from Prophetic Hadith
The Noble Qur’an’s style fundamentally differs from the style of the noble Prophetic Hadith, indicating a source beyond human capacity.
12. Compilation and Preservation of the Qur’an
The Prophet ﷺ did not leave a complete written Qur’an in his own hand. The noble companions (may Allah be pleased with them) compiled the Noble Qur’an after his passing to preserve Allah’s Book from loss. Allah preserved it by His care, as He promised in the Noble Qur'an: (Indeed, it is We who sent down the message [i.e., the Qur'an] and indeed, We will be its guardian.)(Surah Al-Hijr: 9). It has remained preserved in its wording and meaning through the generations.
13. Profound and Comprehensive Influence
The Noble Qur’an has a unique spiritual, psychological, moral, legislative, and civilizational impact across centuries, an influence that no human book can achieve.
14. Teleological and Rational Evidence in the Qur’an for Reflection and Contemplation
Verses from the Noble Qur’an such as: (Then do they not reflect upon the Qur'an)(Surah Muhammad: 24), (So will they not understand?) (Surah Yā‑Sīn: 68), (Perhaps they will give thought)(Surah Al-A’raf: 176), and (They might understand)(Surah Al-An’am: 65) use a dialogue-based style that stimulates the mind to ponder, reflect, and reason. This shows the Qur’an’s source is divine, as its linguistic miracle and integrated content surpass human capability. If it were human in origin, traces of human composition would appear, and it would not convey this depth and rhetorical consistency.
These rational evidences align with the revealed texts and confirm that the Noble Qur’an is a revelation from Allah, the Exalted, preserved by His care, miraculous in expression and content, and a guide for all humanity until the Day of Judgment. It could not have been authored by the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ.
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